Educational Articles

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Below is part of the forward from the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 PDF.  For a fee, from the ASHRAE bookstore, you can download the entire PDF and Standard by clicking any of the blue buttons below.    Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on May 27, 2015; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on June 4, 2015; and by the American National Standards Institute on June 26, 2015. (This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been subject to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.) FOREWORD - ASHRAE Standard 188 The purpose of ASHRAE Standard 188 is to establish minimum legionellosis risk management requirements for building water systems.  “Legionellosis” refers to two distinct clinical illnesses.  When the bacterium Legionella causes pneumonia, the disease is referred to as “Legionnaires’ disease” (LD). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that each year there are between 8000 and 18,000 cases of LD in the United States and that more than 10% of these cases are fatal. Legionella can also cause a less-severe influenza-like illness known as “Pontiac fever.” Most cases of legionellosis are the result of exposure to Legionella associated with building water systems.  The presence of Legionella bacteria in building water systems is not in itself sufficient to cause LD. Other necessary factors include environmental conditions that promote the  growth of Legionella, a means of transmitting the bacteria to people in the building (e.g., aerosol generation), and exposure of susceptible persons to colonized water that is inhaled or aspirated into the lungs. Legionella bacteria are not transmitted person-to-person or from normal (nonaspirated) ingestion of contaminated water. Susceptible persons at high risk for legionellosis include but are not limited to the elderly, dialysis patients, persons who smoke, and persons with underlying medical conditions that weaken the immune system.  This standard is intended for use by owners and managers of human-occupied buildings and those involved in the  design, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance, and service of centralized building water systems and components.   Standard 188 consists of numbered normative sections  followed by normative and informative annexes. The normative sections and normative annex specify the requirements to  comply with this standard. The informative annexes and informative bibliography are provided for guidance that may be helpful for a given building water system. Building water systems vary substantially in their design and their capability for transmission of Legionella. Scientific evidence is either lacking or inconclusive in certain aspects of Legionella control. Therefore, the informative annexes and informative bibliography to this document provide suggestions, recommendations, and references to guidance.  ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) 188 has devoted a considerable amount of time and thought to resolving the concerns of affected and interested parties. The committee thanks everyone who participated in the development of the standard, especially those who made public review comments. Because changes to improve the [...]

Vortisand® cross-flow microsand filter shows Return On Investment of less than 12 months and keeps heat exchangers clean for district cooling center in New Orleans, LA. Click here to read the entire case study. The Project Enwave USA (formerly Entergy Thermal) located in New Orleans, LA, completed the design-build of a new District Energy Center in New Orleans to provide services to the New Orleans Regional Medical Center (NORMC) and other clients. The facility provides more than 33,000 tons of chilled water and air conditioning to more than 12 million square feet of commercial property that encompasses 15 square city blocks. Post Katrina In 2009, hurricane Katrina flooded the entire city which led to elevated Total Suspended Solids (TSS) levels in all their cooling water systems. Jeff Davis, Director Plant Operations for Enwave USA attended the IDEA Expo in Washington DC looking for solutions to improve his bulk chilled water quality in the aftermath of considerable damage caused by flooding. Mr. Davis visited the Sonitec-Vortisand booth and met with Regional Manager, Keith Karl. The Challenge Jeff discussed the challenges they were having with poor water quality negatively impacting the performance of their large thermal chilled water supply. They had tried traditional media filters and they did not succeed in reducing the level of TSS. It was determined the best solution to clean up this large volume chilled water loop, while keeping within a tight budget, would require a 300 gpm Vortisand® cross-flow microsand filter that provided submicron filtration and high quality water. The Vortisand® system replaced a traditional sand filter that claimed 5 micron capability. A standard laser particle distribution analysis illustrated that 80% of the TSS were less than 5 micron in size. The new Vortisand® unit was installed in early 2010 and after several months of operation proved to be a wise investment for them. Proof that a quality submicron filtration system coupled with a comprehensive chemical treatment program was the key to reducing TSS levels. RESULTS During a recent site visit in April 2014, Jeff Davis stated he has never seen the chilled water this clean since the start-up of the facility in 2000. The TSS issues that previously plagued the entire system never returned. Previously, their 15 heat exchangers had to be cleaned several times per year due to the increased biofilm caused by the suspended solids. “These heat exchangers have not had to be cleaned since the Vortisand® was installed in 2010”, said Davis.Maintaining their design efficiency has improved the bottom line every year with a Return On Investment of less than 12 months. To learn how Vortisand® cross-flow microsand filters kept the NORMC District Energy heat exchangers clean and reduced maintenance costs read more. Click here to read the entire case study.

Press Release from District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority Mar 11, 2014 — From March 17 through April 28, 2014, the disinfectant in drinking water will temporarily switch from chloramine to chlorine. The annual switch in water disinfection is part of a routine program to clean and maintain drinking water systems in the District of Columbia, Arlington County and the northeastern portion of Fairfax County. During the temporary switch to chlorine, local water authorities will also conduct system-wide flushing to enhance water quality. This program is a common practice for many U.S. water systems that use chloramine during the majority of the year. The Washington Aqueduct is the organization responsible for treating and disinfecting drinking water for its wholesale customers: DC Water, Arlington County, and Fairfax Water. Local water authorities are responsible for monitoring drinking water to ensure chlorine levels continue to meet safe target levels. Individuals and business owners who take special precautions to remove chloramine from tap water, such as dialysis centers, medical facilities and […]

Most boiler systems today burn natural gas as the primary fuel.  Many systems are also set up to burn an alternate fuel if the natural gas supply is curtailed or cut off.  In most cases, the alternate fuel is No. 2 fuel oil, a light distillate that is the same as diesel fuel. Some industrial and utility boilers may use No. 6 oil as the alternate fuel.  No. 6 is a heavy residual oil that must be heated to approximately 150oF to be easily pumped.  If No. 6 oil were fed to a boiler that was set up to burn No. 2, the burner would not burn the fuel efficiently, and the unit’s combustion efficiency would decrease.  No. 6 oil is not a good “fit” for a boiler set up to burn no. 2. Just as the type and quality of the fuel affects a boiler system combustion efficiency, the type and quality of the water treatment chemical program has an impact on the overall efficiency of the boiler system.  If the chemical treatment program is not a good fit for the  system, overall efficiency can be reduced, with a corresponding increase in operational costs.  In today’s uncertain economic environment, this can put a company or facility at a competitive disadvantage, even threatening its very survival. […]

Make Certain Your Cooling System is Protected During Lay-Up It's time to shut your cooling system down for the winter.  Don’t let all your hard work keeping the system running smoothly go to waste – follow these guidelines to assure that your system stays protected all winter long and is ready for a trouble-free start-up next spring. Click here for detailed information on how to protect your system during lay-up.

In July our Legionella risk assessment partner, Environmental Safety Technologies, reported…“We have seen an increase in the prevalence of Legionella colonization throughout the United States.  We are seeing a greater percentage of Legionella positive cultures and identifying more high risk sites than in our 20 year history.” On August 28, 2012 MyHealthNewsDaily reported:  “Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease have been reported by health officials in two major cities this summer: Eight people have died and 107 have been confirmed infected in an outbreak that began in mid-July in Quebec, and eight infections, including two deaths, occurred among the guests at a hotel in Chicago. The Chicago outbreak was announced Monday. In Quebec, where the average of those who have died is 79, the outbreak’s source is believed to be water cooling towers. Towers are being inspected and disinfected with bromine, according to Canadian media reports.” In Chicago the article states…”health officials said. Details about the deaths have not been released. There is no ongoing health risk to hotel guests, according to the Chicago Department of Public Health, although more cases may yet be reported because symptoms of the disease can occur several weeks after exposure.” This is part of the article. The full article takes a look at what you need to know about Legionnaires’ disease:  CLICK HERE TO READ THE NEWSLETTER

Cooling Tower Replacement can be a costly proposition and the average life expectancy of a commercial cooling tower, according to most manufacturers, is 15 – 20 years*, before they need to be rebuilt or replaced. Many cooling towers were installed in 1980’s and are 30 years old now. If the integrity of the tower’s metal sump, sidewalls and distribution pans are relatively sound, but the fiberglass fill has deteriorated to the point where it needs to be replaced, there are many dollars ($) that can be saved versus the cost of replacement. In a cooling tower fill media replacement, we completely remove the fill from each tower cell, angle grind and metal patch all metal surfaces, seal the seams, and re-coat internal, wetted surfaces with a two part epoxy coating, - Belzona Immersion Grade. Once the towers are refurbished you can expect another 15 -20 years* of useful life expectancy at a fraction of the cost of replacing them with new towers. An example of the dollar savings expected for refurbishing a tower vs. replacement is when Bond Water Technologies completely refurbished four (4) 200 ton cooling towers (800 tons total) at a cost of approx. $80,000.00 vs. the cost of new towers quoted at $100,000.00, plus installation costs. If you elect to buy new towers vs. rebuilding the existing ones, you also need to consider budgeting in the cost of a construction crane to lift them to the roof, after normal working hours or on a weekend, which would cost approx. $12,000 to $15,000 per day, plus the labor cost of the mechanical contractors installation, so you’re now looking at $200,000+ for this one example. We can verify these costs from actual proposals done compared to a new tower replacement cost quote. Watch the short video on Refurbishing vs Cooling Tower Replacement and then click on the buttons to the right to ask questions or schedule a free consultation on the advantages of refurbishing. Click here to schedule a consultation or to ask any question you might have. Over the years we have completely refurbished many cooling towers in the MD/VA/DC area by dissembling them, re-coating and replacing the fill with “honeycomb” media,, which is more effective in the cooling process vs. vertical hung fill in most of the older towers. It also adds another 15 years* of life expectancy to these older towers, and offers the additional benefit of making the towers easier to clean. Please link to www.bondwater.com and click on the Services tab on the top bar and scroll down to Cooling Tower Cleaning and Re-Coating tabs to find more details about this service. Rebuilding is particularly attractive if you have already invested in mechanical repairs, such as shafts, bearings, blower wheels, etc. For additional information on this and other subjects related to Cooling Tower or Boiler Water treatment, please contact your local Bond Water Technologies Representative @ 301-721-2663 for details. You can also fill out the form [...]

We believe there are two educational areas that are critical to the success any water treatment program. First, it is critical that your water treatment representative understand your specific program needs and that he participates in ongoing education and training. Second, and often overlooked, is client education. Your water treatment company should make sure that you and your staff understand the basic chemistry behind your water treatment program. We believe that client education and ongoing Bond representative training are […]